The Hetmanate was initiated by a rebellion under Bohdan Khmelnytsky against Polish and Catholic domination, known as the Khmelnytsky Uprising. Under increasing pressure from the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, in the mid-17th century the Sich declared an independent Cossack Hetmanate. The Zaporizhian Sich became a vassal polity of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth during feudal times. There were several major Cossack hosts in the 16th century: near the Dnieper, Don, Volga and Ural Rivers the Greben Cossacks in Caucasia and the Zaporozhian Cossacks, mainly west of the Dnieper. Until at least the 1630s, these Cossack groups remained ethnically and religiously open to virtually anybody, although the Slavic element predominated. By the end of the 15th century, the term was also applied to peasants who had fled to the devastated regions along the Dnieper and Don Rivers, where they established their self-governing communities. Originally, the term referred to semi-independent Tatar groups ( qazaq or "free men") who inhabited the Pontic–Caspian steppe, north of the Black Sea near the Dnieper River. The origins of the Cossacks are disputed. 8.1.1 Registered Cossacks of the Russian Federation.5.10 Anticommunist Cossacks in exile and World War II, 1920–1945.5.9 Cossacks in the Soviet Union, 1917–1945.5.8 Bolshevik uprising and Civil War, 1917–1922.5.7 After the February Revolution, 1917.4.3 Black Sea, Azov and Danubian Sich Cossacks.Between 3.5 and 5.0 million people associate themselves with the Cossack cultural identity across the world Cossack organizations operate in Russia, Kazakhstan, Ukraine, Belarus, and the United States. In the 2002 Russian census, 140,028 people declared Cossack ethnicity, while 67,573 people identified as Cossack in the 2010 census. During the 1990s, many regional authorities agreed to hand over some local administrative and policing duties to their Cossack hosts. In 1988, the Soviet Union passed a law allowing the re-establishment of former Cossack hosts and the formation of new ones. During the Perestroika era in the Soviet Union in the late 1980s, descendants of Cossacks moved to revive their national traditions. Īfter World War II, the Soviet Union disbanded the Cossack units in the Soviet Army. They inhabited sparsely populated areas and islands in the lower Dnieper, Don, Terek, and Ural river basins, and played an important role in the historical and cultural development of both Ukraine and Russia. The Cossacks are a group of predominantly East Slavic Orthodox Christian people who became known as members of democratic, self-governing, semi-military communities originating in the steppes of Eastern Europe (in particular the Dnieper, in the Wild Fields).
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